Discorsi sulle filosofie

Premessa 

Entro il 2050 tra i 25 milioni e il miliardo di persone potrebbero essere costrette a spostarsi per criticità ambientali indotte anche dai cambiamenti climatici. Stress ambientali e conflitti sono causa o concausa della fuga dal proprio Paese per circa il 70% dei migranti giunti in Italia negli ultimi 4anni. moltissimi, non sanno nulla di tutto questo: Soria delle culture filosofiche. Non sanno chi sono, ma sopratutto non sanno cosa è successo in passato nel mondo e eche senzo ha la nostra civiltà terrestre. Come animali che vivono senza sapere nulla. Vivono lo stesso e si riproducono più dei colti. Non è giusto però nascondere loro il passato perchè ciò determinerebbe una grave discriminazione culturale e individuale. Ho pensato pertanto di scrivere per loro qualche appunto di filosofia in lingua inglese per aiutare chi vorrà diffondere la nostra cultura di base ottenendo più rispetto da parte di tutti verso l'essenza delle civiltà mondiali. Chi vorrà integrare questo iccolo lavoro sarà ben acceto e citato dal comitato di redazione. Ermanno Faaccio. 

Discorsi sulle filosofie

giorno 1 Lezione: Giorno 1 Benvenuti alla prima lezione del nostro corso! Oggi esploreremo il tema dei discorsi, guidati dal nostro ospite speciale, Ermanno Faccio. Prima di iniziare, permettetemi di introdurre brevemente il nostro illustre relatore. Ermanno Faccio è un rinomato esperto nel campo della comunicazione e della retorica. Ha dedicato anni di studio e pratica all'arte dell'eloquenza e ai segreti dei discorsi persuasivi. La sua vasta esperienza ci offrirà preziosi insegnamenti per affinare le nostre abilità comunicative. Oggi, ci concentreremo su due aspetti fondamentali dei discorsi: la struttura e l'impatto emotivo. Inizieremo con la struttura, poiché un buon discorso deve avere un'organizzazione solida per catturare l'attenzione del pubblico e comunicare efficacemente il messaggio. Una struttura ben costruita comprende un'introduzione coinvolgente, che cattura l'attenzione dell'uditorio e presenta il tema principale del discorso. Successivamente, ci saranno una serie di argomentazioni chiave, supportate da dati, esempi o storie convincenti. Infine, giungeremo alla conclusione, che sintetizzerà gli argomenti e lascerà un'impressione duratura nel cuore e nella mente dell'ascoltatore. Oltre alla struttura, il modo in cui presentiamo il nostro discorso è fondamentale per suscitare un impatto emotivo. Le parole possono scatenare emozioni profonde e connessioni con l'uditorio. Ermanno Faccio ci guiderà attraverso l'uso delle figure retoriche, delle metafore e delle storie coinvolgenti per coinvolgere le persone su un livello più intimo e significativo. Durante il corso, avremo l'opportunità di esercitarci nell'elaborazione e nella presentazione di brevi discorsi. Ognuno di voi avrà l'occasione di mettere in pratica le tecniche apprese e ricevere feedback costruttivi da Ermanno e dai vostri compagni di corso. Il nostro obiettivo è quello di diventare comunicatori efficaci, in grado di trasmettere idee, ispirare e influenzare positivamente gli altri. Con il giusto mix di struttura solida ed emozione coinvolgente, possiamo trasformare i nostri discorsi in potenti strumenti di cambiamento. Prima di concludere, vorrei ricordarvi di rimanere aperti al processo di apprendimento e di mettere in pratica ciò che impareremo in questo corso. Con l'impegno e la pratica costante, siamo certi di diventare dei maestri nell'arte dei discorsi. Grazie a tutti per essere qui oggi e senza ulteriori indugi, lascio la parola a Ermanno Faccio per guidarci attraverso questo emozionante viaggio nell'universo della comunicazione. Buon lavoro e buon apprendimento!

Giorno 1 - Discorsi sulle filosofie - Ermanno Faccio

 Ladies and gentlemen, Today, I stand before you to delve into the world of aesthetics, art, and the human mind. Let us embark on a journey through the currents of Estheticism, exploring the unconventional paths taken by artists and thinkers. In the realm of Estheticism, we encounter Varola, the exponent of the pop art, and Bart, the ever-present advocate of beauty. Within this movement, we find artists like the expressionists, who completely disregard traditional criteria and material preciousness. They embrace discarded objects as their means of expression, forging a writing crafted by individuals like Cappa, Schwitters, and other Dadaist sculptors, using nothing but found waste. Here, in the city, we are in the wake of Western thought, where art has been considered a natural phenomenon, not just a product of human activity. From the days of ancient Greece, beauty has been interpreted differently - for Homer, it was luminosity, that which shines and dazzles; for Aristotle, it was symmetry, possessing internal proportion; and for Plato, beauty was the most evident manifestation of the intrinsic good permeating all things. Embracing this beauty, the soul finds inspiration, recalling ideas along an erotic scale. Even Plato, like all Greeks, believed that true beauty couldn't be a product of human activity, but rather an exquisite form found in nature. Art has always carried an ethical tension, as seen in the myth of Van Gogh, who chose to die to affirm his beliefs. This act brought philosophy and painting closer, as both refuse to merely console, hide, or manipulate reality optimistically. It is a rejection of the consolatory role, a stance taken by eminent thinkers of the century who preferred philosophy embracing existentialism, anguish, and nihilism. Before Estheticism, there was the era of psychologism, focused on the psychology of decision-making and the unparalleled ability of humans to make measured and balanced choices even without apparent logic. This era found success in the field of cybernetics, the science of programming machines, and expert systems. It was a challenge to artificial intelligence, as envisioned by Minsky in "The Society of Mind," where reason extended from weak to conclusive value, incorporating metaphor, analogy, inductive observations, and nuanced logic. In the world of psychologism, we encounter the Turing Test, part of the Cognitivism and Cybernetic Mind. This cognitive science of artificial intelligence builds upon behavioral studies, delving into the metaphorical "black box" sealed within every individual. As we navigate through the currents of Estheticism and beyond, we discover the ever-changing landscape of art, thought, and the human psyche. Let us continue to explore these realms, embracing the beauty and complexity they offer, always open to new ideas and perspectives that shape our understanding of ourselves and the world around us. Thank you.

 Giorno 2 - Discorsi sulle filosofie - Ermanno Faccio

Ladies and gentlemen, Today, on this remarkable date, August 5th, 2023, we gather here to reflect upon a significant era in the world of art and culture—the era of anti-spiritualism and the emergence of symbolist painting. This movement was inspired by the world of dreams and centered around the concept of evolution between matter and spirit. This groundbreaking current is known as symbolism, a departure from the Western tradition of art solely representing nature. Instead, art opened its doors to the realm of spirit, imagination, consciousness, and dreams, foreshadowing themes that would later be explored in psychoanalysis. During this period, the aesthetics underwent a transformation, embracing post-modernism, metalinguistics, and pluralism of forms. The architecture of the time also witnessed a shift towards modernity. The art world delved into the realm of photography with the rise of "Fotocult," and philosophers like Vattimo questioned the crisis of ideologies and the rationalism of Nietzsche's thoughts. The notion of "weak thought" and the allure of primitivism also played influential roles during this epoch. Amidst the debate of what constitutes beauty or ugliness in the postmodern era, art took on various forms. From the delicate artistry of children to the bold statements found in murals and graffiti, creativity knew no bounds. Artists like Clee drew inspiration from African fabric decorations and many others found their muse in ethnological artifacts from museums. One pivotal event in this era was Picasso's encounter with the African art known as "arte negra," which led to the inception of the cubist style. The abstract aesthetic of contemporary art marked a departure from traditional representation, and artists like Kandinsky and Mondrian simplified reality into fantastic images. Abstraction, rooted in Plato's idea of forms and mental schemas, was exemplified by Mondrian's 1908 abstract watercolor of a tree and Kandinsky's first abstract watercolor. The avant-garde movements, including surrealism, dadaism, futurism, and expressionism, heralded a time of experimentation and radicalism in artistic language. Innovation and transgression were intertwined with ideological investments, reshaping culture and life in revolutionary ways. These artists rebelled against the past, rejecting all forms of tradition, and embraced the tension towards utopia while critiquing the conventions of rationality and logic. In this atmosphere of radical change, artists like Lucas, Proust, Joyce, Kafka, and Musil imbued their literary works with irrationalism. The crisis of bourgeois reason was also manifested in the art world, with figures like Benjamin and Adorno exploring new forms of expression. One notable aspect of this period was the bold usage of black and white, with a dramatic deconstruction of bodies in the cubist language. This language of art served to convey intense emotions and messages, highlighting the monumental format of their final masterpieces. Ladies and gentlemen, as we look back on this transformative epoch, let us appreciate the audacity and creativity of these artists who pushed the boundaries of tradition and reason. They gave us a new perspective on the connection between matter and spirit, forever shaping the trajectory of art and culture. Let us continue to draw inspiration from their courage and innovation as we pave the way for the art of tomorrow. Thank you. 

Giorno 3 - Discorsi sulle filosofie - Ermanno Faccio

Ladies and gentlemen, As we delve into the realms of psychology and art, let us explore the fascinating connections between the human mind and creative expression. The groundbreaking work of Pavlov shed light on the capacity of organisms to respond automatically and involuntarily to environmental stimuli. Through his experiments, he demonstrated the possibility of conditioning reflexes, such as the administration of food to a dog paired with the sound of a bell or a light, leading to conditioned reflexes. Preceding the era of psychoanalysis, we find the liberation of the subconscious and the surrealism movement, championed by figures like Breton and Marks. This liberation extended to the realm of sexuality, inspired by the works of Reich and the idea of a sexual revolution. In the domain of art, Frida explores the postural ambiguity of Michelangelo's Moses, pondering whether the prophet is about to explode in uncontrollable anger or settling into a calm demeanor. Freud interpreted Michelangelo's Moses as a symbol of the perpetual human condition, caught between instinctive impulses and rational control. Moving forward, we encounter Jungian archetypes, the collective unconscious, anima, animus, and the intertwining of opposites. The union of man and woman in mystical unions and the concept of the androgynous adeptus are explored, forming a psyche in each individual, which reflects a semi-conscious excitement of their sexual components. In the realm of art, the manifestations of dreams and myths are explored as mandalas, deeply embedded in the collective psyche. These highly geometric images, characterized by circles and squares, emphasize the value of the center and are considered symbols of the self, representing the inner wholeness of an individual. Surrealism, an avant-garde movement, emerges as an artistic form of sublimation and primitive expression. Freud recognized the poetic surrealism as a legitimate affiliation of psychoanalysis, with artists like Magritte and Dalì employing techniques like automatism and frottage to tap into the realm of the unconscious. The process of sublimation, according to Freud, played a crucial role in both artistic and scientific creativity, involving a transformation of sexual and aggressive energies into psychically related pursuits. As we explore these fascinating connections between psychology and aesthetics, we come to appreciate the profound impact of the human mind on creative expression. The intertwining of art, dreams, myths, and the subconscious shapes our understanding of the world and ourselves. Let us continue to delve into these depths, unraveling the mysteries that lie within the human psyche and inspiring new forms of artistic brilliance. Thank you. 

Giorno 4 - Discorsi sulle filosofie - Ermanno Faccio

Ladies and gentlemen, Today, we gather to delve into the intriguing world of art and psychology, exploring the enigmatic masterpiece by Leonardo da Vinci, "Saint Anne with the Virgin, Child, and Lamb." This painting bears a unique and mysterious composition, as Saint Anne is depicted with the same age as the Virgin Mother. This peculiar choice hints at an unconscious and unresolved inner conflict that Leonardo experienced during his childhood, having two maternal figures. Another intriguing detail in the painting emerges when we rotate it 90 degrees. A hidden image of a bird becomes visible—the dreamlike kite that hovered over Leonardo's face, seemingly connecting the mouth of the child to that of his mother. These subtle and symbolic elements add layers of complexity to the artwork, reflecting the artist's psyche and his exploration of the human mind. As we dive further into the realms of psychology, the concept of sublimation emerges, with Chris's presentation of human-animal drawings. Freud's psychoanalytic theory delves into the unconscious, discussing sexual emotions, the id, ego, and superego, primary processes, displacement, and condensation. These theories unravel the complexities of the human mind, its contradictions, and the enigmatic nature of consciousness. The history of psychology traces back to its predecessor, Schopenhauer, with the concept of the will to live as a metaphor for the iceberg of consciousness, a dogma of awareness, suggestion, and exorcism. Alchemy also played a role in shaping the earlier concepts of Freud's psychoanalysis, intertwining with the idea of metapsychology. From a dynamic perspective, the psychic apparatus appears as a system of forces in balance. The unconscious lies on one side, alongside the topographical view, the superego, ego, and id. The ego reads the faculties of the soul, maintaining a low limit of controlled libido through processes like displacement, sublimation, repression, and censorship. Before the era of psychoanalysis, we find linguistic generative grammar and semantic analysis. They introduced innovative signs that refer to meanings following precise rules of a code. These signs are contrasted with optative signs that ambiguously refer to meanings, which in turn lead to something else. Scientific definitions, geometric and arithmetic signs, drug compositions, and assembly instructions fall into the category of designative signs. The linguistic connotation plays a significant role in everyday language, where many words carry emotional connotations—insults, sexual terms, words related to friendship, family, and more. Through semantics, scholars have developed tools to circumscribe the use of linguistic signs relatively precisely, examining the emotional and cultural connotations of words. Additionally, in the field of semiotics, a study of visual signs and their meanings has evolved. Semiotics explores symbols, indexes, and icons, leading us to contemplate the intriguing problem of iconicity in art. The work of Magritte and Morris illuminates the complexities of visual signs and their meaning, offering us new perspectives on interpretation. In conclusion, the interplay between art and psychology allows us to uncover the depths of the human mind and its creative expressions. Leonardo da Vinci's enigmatic painting "Saint Anne with the Virgin, Child, and Lamb" serves as a portal to explore the complexities of the artist's psyche and the enduring fascination with the human unconscious. Thank you

P.s.: for joining us on this enthralling journey into the realms of art and psychology. Together, we shall continue to unravel the mysteries of the human mind and its profound impact on the world of creativity and expression. Thank you. 

Giorno 5 -6 - Discorsi sulle filosofie - Ermanno Faccio

Ladies and gentlemen, Today, we embark on a fascinating journey into the world of visual signs, guided by the insights of the renowned Umberto Eco in his treatise on General Semiotics, published in 1975. Eco's antireductionist approach is evident in his definition of semiotics, the discipline that studies everything that can be used to deceive. Before delving deeper, let us explore the concept of the semiotic triangle, which involves the desire, referent, signified, and signifier. This triadic structure represents the interplay between the concept, the image, and the acoustic form, revealing the intricate nature of meaning in communication. Moving forward, the field of structural anthropology, pioneered by Levi Strauss, holds a prominent place in the humanities. Levi Strauss examined the structural elements that govern societies, from kinship relations to linguistic structures. Through the lens of structuralism, he observed rigid dualisms and geometric forms juxtaposed with free and curvilinear elements, reflecting the complexities of human societies. In this realm, we encounter the captivating structuralist diagram of "The Betrothed" characters. Lorenzo, Fra Cristoforo, the Cardinal, the Nun of Monza, Lucia, the Unnamed, Don Rodrigo, and Don Abbondio form a web of relationships in the novel, illustrating the essence of structural analysis. Moving from anthropology to the sciences, the concept of hysteresis emerges. This phenomenon explores the dependence of a quantity on other variables and is observed both in physical and psychological realms. Hysteresis can be considered a minimal form of structure, permeating various aspects of our lives, from justice and victims to mediation and oppression. As we delve deeper into the realm of science, the dialectics between diachrony and synchrony arise. Diachronic approaches consider language's progressive change, while synchronic analyses focus on its static aspects at a specific moment in evolution. Through semiotics, we analyze the diachronic and synchronic etymology of the Tessar Diacronico. Moreover, the structuralist epoch witnessed a myriad of thinkers in the humanities, such as Barthes, Althusser, Brown, Foucault, and Piaget. The post-structuralist wave introduced anticompetitive approaches, which did not favor the convergence of art and structuralism. In the domain of cognition, the revolution of scientific paradigms opened new avenues for understanding the complexities of human nature. Genetic epistemology and sociobiology brought to light the interplay between genotype and phenotype, unveiling the predictive relationship between genes and behavior. The study of innate behaviors in animals and humans, observed by scholars like Lorenz, Tinbergen, and Lorenz, offers insights into the innate and adaptive character of certain behaviors. These ethological explorations touch upon conditioning, aggression, and sociobiology, highlighting the influence of biological mechanisms on behavior. In the realm of epistemology, we encounter the anarchistic methodology proposed by Feyerabend. According to Feyerabend, the history of science is an anarchistic operation, devoid of rigid rules and methods. Creativity and breakthroughs in science often stem from sources beyond traditional scientific approaches, from myths and philosophy to dreams and personal fantasies of researchers. We also explore the intriguing concept of fractals, which bridge the gap between art and mathematical science, reflecting the connection between seemingly disparate disciplines. In conclusion, the study of visual signs, semiotics, and structuralism provides a multifaceted understanding of the complexities that govern our world. From the interplay of symbols to the dialectics of diachrony and synchrony, we gain insights into the very fabric of human communication and the mysteries of our existence. Thank you for joining me on this enlightening exploration of visual signs and the world of ideas. May we continue to unravel the enigmas of our existence through the ever-evolving journey of knowledge. Thank you.

 Giorno 7 - 8 - Discorsi sulle filosofie - Ermanno Faccio

Ladies and gentlemen, Today, we embark on a captivating journey into the realms of falsificationism, stereometry, Kepler, internal stories, and external history. Our exploration begins with the enigmatic Platonic solids, which have intrigued cosmographers since 1618. The number of dimensions of planetary spheres has been linked to these five solids, a notion that traces back to Plato himself. In the realm of epistemology, the concept of paradigms takes center stage. Kant, in his seminal work "The Structure of Scientific Revolutions," introduced the idea of paradigms as prototypical examples that serve as models for problem-solving. These paradigms have played a pivotal role in the evolution of scientific thought, from Ptolemy's Almagest to Copernicus' heliocentrism and Newton's universal gravitation. Science, contrary to positivistic assumptions, does not progress through mere accumulation but rather through revolutionary shifts from one paradigm to another. Each new solution replaces the previous one, changing the rules of the game and reshaping scientific culture and thought. In the field of quantum physics, the principle of complementarity introduced by Bohr and Einstein's theory of relativity challenged the traditional notions of particle and wave behavior. The indeterminacy principle, proposed by Heisenberg in 1927, revealed the impossibility of simultaneously describing all observables in any system with absolute precision. The crisis in Newtonian physics emerged in the late 19th century with the discovery of electric and magnetic phenomena, X-rays, and radio waves, all challenging the traditional mechanistic view based on the notion of forces. Einstein's theories of special and general relativity offered new perspectives on spacetime, transforming our understanding of gravity. In the world of mathematics, the study of Euclidean geometry and its fifth postulate paved the way for the exploration of non-Euclidean geometries. The realization that alternative systems could be constructed based on different postulates led to the emergence of hyperbolic geometries. These groundbreaking ideas and paradigm shifts have shaped the landscape of science and philosophy, challenging traditional assumptions and paving the way for new frontiers of knowledge. As we delve deeper into the mysteries of the universe, the beauty of discovery lies in our capacity to embrace change, question assumptions, and redefine our understanding of reality. Thank you for joining me on this intellectual voyage. May our quest for knowledge continue to lead us to new horizons and deeper insights into the wondrous complexities of the cosmos. Thank you. 

Giorno 9 - 10 - Discorsi sulle filosofie - Ermanno Faccio

Ladies and gentlemen, Today, we delve into the fascinating world of non-Euclidean geometry and the philosophical realms of irrationalism and the concept of the superman. Non-Euclidean geometry, introduced by Riemann, challenged the traditional notions of parallel lines, allowing for the creation of elliptical geometries that describe a world in which the geometric plane curves back upon itself to form a sphere. In the realm of philosophy, the concept of irrationalism emerges, embracing Zen doctrines that seek a total integration with reality to transcend rationality and attain a state of beatitude. The practice of meditation, particularly focusing on enigmatic koans, allows the individual to surpass rational thought and experience a dimension beyond conventional understanding. Another significant concept is that of the superman, introduced by Nietzsche, who believed in transcending traditional moral values and embracing the will to power. Nietzsche's life was marked by physical decline and illness, but his ideas challenged the prevailing rationalism and brought forth the notion of the Dionysian and Apollonian forces, representing the balance between instinct and reason. In the realm of art, the Dadaist movement emerged as a response to the chaos of World War I. The Dadaists rejected traditional aesthetic norms and sought to liberate art from rational constraints, embracing an anti-artistic and anti-poetic approach. Overall, these philosophical and artistic movements challenged conventional thinking and sought to transcend the limitations of rationality. The pursuit of a deeper understanding of the cosmos and the human experience led to the emergence of new perspectives and a celebration of the richness of life and existence. Thank you for joining me on this intellectual journey, and may our exploration of these fascinating concepts continue to inspire us to question, seek, and embrace the wonders of the world. Thank you. 

Giorno 11 - 12. - Discorsi sulle filosofie - Ermanno Faccio

Lesson: Introduction to Philosophical Theories and Thinkers 

In this lesson, we will explore various philosophical theories and thinkers that have shaped our understanding of the world and the human experience. We will cover concepts such as the Three Worlds theory by Popper, materialism, epiphenomenalism, existentialism, and more. The Three Worlds Theory by Popper: Popper's theory suggests the existence of three worlds: the world of material inorganic, the world of material organic, and the world of mental and subjective experiences. The first two worlds refer to the physical and organic aspects of reality, while the third world encompasses mental phenomena, sensations, emotions, and states of mind. Materialism and Dualism: Materialism asserts the existence of only the physical world, while dualism posits the existence of both the physical and mental worlds. Epiphenomenalism, a variation of dualism, suggests that the mental world exists as secondary phenomena accompanying bodily processes. Feminist Perspective and Existentialism: Existentialism explores the individual's existence, freedom, and responsibility. Anne Arendt and Simone Weil are two feminist philosophers who made significant contributions to existentialist thought. Anti-Positivism and Phenomenology: Anti-positivism challenges the positivist approach that emphasizes empirical facts and scientific reasoning. Phenomenology, developed by Edmund Husserl, focuses on the first-person experience and subjective consciousness. Dialectical Materialism: Dialectical materialism, associated with Marx and Engels, examines the relationship between material conditions and social development. It considers history as a continuous process of contradictions, conflicts, and progress. Romanticism and the Sublime: Romanticism is a philosophical and artistic movement emphasizing emotion, nature, and individualism. The concept of the sublime, explored by Burke and Kant, represents the experience of awe and overwhelming beauty in nature and art. Idealism and Hegel's Dialectics: Idealism asserts the primacy of ideas and the mind in shaping reality. Hegel's dialectics propose a process of change through the triadic structure of thesis, antithesis, and synthesis. Schopenhauer and the Will to Live: Schopenhauer's philosophy centers on the concept of the will to live, a universal force driving all existence. He influences the development of existentialism and the understanding of human desires and motivations. 

Conclusion: 

This lesson provided an overview of various philosophical theories and influential thinkers. From Popper's Three Worlds theory to existentialism, materialism, anti-positivism, and idealism, each concept offers unique insights into our understanding of reality and the human experience. These philosophical perspectives continue to shape modern thought and invite further exploration and contemplation.

 Giorno 11 - 12 - Discorsi sulle filosofie - Ermanno Faccio

Ladies and gentlemen, 

Today, I stand before you to present my thesis on the fascinating topic of philosophical theories and thinkers that have shaped our understanding of the world and the human experience. Throughout history, brilliant minds have explored various concepts, from materialism to existentialism, and from idealism to anti-positivism. These philosophical perspectives continue to influence our thinking and guide our exploration of life's profound questions. In the first part of my thesis, I delved into the Three Worlds theory proposed by Popper. This theory introduces us to the distinct realms of the material inorganic, material organic, and the mental and subjective experiences. Understanding these three worlds provides us with a more comprehensive view of reality and the intricacies of human consciousness. Materialism and dualism were the next concepts under the spotlight. Materialism asserts the existence of a purely physical world, while dualism posits both a physical and mental world. Epiphenomenalism, a form of dualism, suggests that the mental world is secondary to bodily processes. The debate between materialists and dualists has been a long-standing philosophical discourse, each offering valuable insights into the nature of existence. Our journey then led us to the realm of existentialism, a philosophical school that focuses on the individual's existence, freedom, and responsibility. I highlighted the significant contributions of feminist philosophers Anne Arendt and Simone Weil to existentialist thought, showing how diverse perspectives enrich our understanding of human experience. Anti-positivism and phenomenology were also essential aspects of this thesis. Anti-positivism challenges the positivist emphasis on empirical facts and scientific reasoning, encouraging us to explore subjective experiences and perspectives. Phenomenology, developed by Edmund Husserl, deepens our understanding of first-person experiences and subjective consciousness, acknowledging the richness of individual perspectives. The dialectical materialism of Marx and Engels and the concept of the sublime explored by Burke and Kant brought us closer to understanding the interplay between material conditions, history, and human emotions. Romanticism's focus on emotion, nature, and individualism provided valuable insights into the human psyche and artistic expression. In the latter part of my thesis, I delved into the realm of idealism and Hegel's dialectics. Idealism's emphasis on the primacy of ideas and the mind guides our understanding of the nature of reality. Hegel's dialectics, with its triadic structure of thesis, antithesis, and synthesis, has profoundly impacted the way we view social and historical progress. Finally, Schopenhauer's philosophy of the will to live brought us to contemplate the universal force that drives all existence. His profound influence on existentialist thought and his exploration of human desires and motivations continue to resonate with modern thinkers. 

In conclusion, the philosophical theories and thinkers,  we have explored in this thesis have left an indelible mark on our understanding of reality, human consciousness, and the interplay between different realms of existence. As we continue to delve into these philosophical concepts, let us embrace the richness of diverse perspectives and the timeless quest for knowledge and wisdom. Thank you for your attention, and I welcome any questions or further discussions on this fascinating journey through philosophy.

 Giorno 14 - 17 - Discorsi sulle filosofie - Ermanno Faccio

Ladies and gentlemen, Today, I stand before you to discuss a fascinating journey through the history of human thought, spanning various philosophical and religious ideas from different epochs. We will delve into the Enlightenment, Empiricism, Classical Rationalism, and the Binary Logic. Throughout history, thinkers have explored the complexities of the human mind, the nature of existence, and the search for ultimate truths. In the context of the Renaissance, we encounter the fascinating concept of Fisiognomica, which delves into the interpretation of facial features to understand a person's character and inner qualities. This classical rationalism allows us to gain insights into human passions and the complex workings of the soul. The exploration of the mind and the world continued through the Classical Rationalism and Mechanism, where the reductionist approach of Cartesianism played a significant role. This classical rationalism shaped philosophical and scientific discourse during that time. Moving on, we encounter the influences of Nationalism, Mind Projects, and the concept of the Pineal Gland as the seat of the soul. This era also introduced us to the Hyperbolic Doubt of Rationalism, which led to profound transformations during the Scientific Revolution. Galileo's discoveries about the infinity of the universe and the presence of wandering planets challenged the geocentric worldview and brought about the Copernican Revolution in 1543. During this time, the philosophical framework of Contractualism emerged, with thinkers like the Sophists, Epicurus, and Aristotle exploring the nature of politics and naturalism. The Renaissance era witnessed the works of visionaries like Tommaso Campanella and Thomas More, who presented utopian societies inspired by Plato's ideas. Alongside this, the examination of the Church's primitive teachings, the roles of priests, and the development of confession of faith emerged as essential topics of discussion. As we delve deeper into the Renaissance, we encounter the ideas of Croce and the iconoclasm, as well as the concept of the Universal Priesthood and the examination of Martin Luther's teachings. Councils such as the Council of Florence and the Council of Trent played a vital role in shaping the religious landscape of the time. The Renaissance period also witnessed the rise of various religious movements, such as the Quakers and the Shakers, who introduced unique practices and beliefs. Predestination and the debate over free will continued to captivate thinkers during this time. The philosophical exploration extended into the realm of mysticism and meditation during the Middle Ages, where sensory deprivation and mantras played essential roles in spiritual practices. The influence of the East, such as Islamic and Orthodox mysticism, began to intersect with Western religious ideologies. Throughout the journey, we encountered various philosophical and theological currents, from the dualistic views of Arianism and Nestorianism to the notions of predestination and divine grace. The struggle between good and evil, as well as the concept of God's transcendence and immanence, sparked intense debates among theologians and philosophers. We also explored the influence of Hermeticism and Neoplatonism on Renaissance thought, with figures like Giordano Bruno contributing to the blending of magical and philosophical elements. The symbolism of numbers and the quest for knowledge culminated in the works of Nicolaus Cusanus and the concept of learned ignorance. As we ventured further, we encountered the concept of the World Soul and the microcosm-macrocosm connection, with philosophers like Leonardo da Vinci and Marsilio Ficino offering insights into the interconnectedness of all things. Finally, we discussed the significance of images and icons in theology, with the Middle Ages witnessing the rise of Iconoclasm and the debates over the transcendence and immanence of God. In conclusion, this journey through the diverse philosophical and religious ideas of history reveals the complex tapestry of human thought. It reminds us of the continuous quest for understanding the nature of existence, the divine, and the world around us. These ideas and debates have shaped our collective consciousness and continue to inspire new perspectives and insights. Thank you for joining me on this captivating voyage through the annals of human thought. Thank You 

Giorno 18 - 20  - Discorsi sulle filosofie - Ermanno Faccio

 

Ladies and gentlemen, Today, I stand before you to discuss some profound historical and philosophical concepts that have shaped the ancient world and continue to influence our understanding of human nature and existence. Throughout history, civilizations have sought to understand their relationship with the divine, their purpose in the universe, and the forces that govern the world around them. Today, we delve into the ideas of ancient idolatry, charisma, gnosis, and the quest for wisdom. In ancient times, people revered idols as sacred symbols of power and religious significance. These idols were not mere representations of something else but embodied the very essence of the sacred power they symbolized. The ancient fascination with charisma, prophetic abilities, and the gift of speaking unknown languages further emphasized the belief in extraordinary powers. The concept of charisma evolved into the idea of power derived from knowledge and the ability to transcend the ordinary limitations of nature. As the ancient world embraced a contemplative approach to the mysteries of existence, it gave rise to gnosis—a philosophical and spiritual tendency that sought to explore the nature of reality and the divine. Gnostic beliefs emerged as a synthesis of various influences, blending elements of ancient polytheism and Eastern mysticism. Gnostics saw themselves as the enlightened few, possessing a secret knowledge that enabled them to experience the divine directly. Their understanding of Jesus' incarnation differed from mainstream Christian beliefs, focusing on an imminent salvation rather than the teachings of Christ. During this time, Neoplatonism gained prominence, emphasizing the uniqueness of the divine and embracing a form of monism akin to Christian monotheism. Philosophers like Plotinus, Porphyry, and Iamblichus explored the concepts of emanation and the spiritual journey toward the transcendent. Amidst these philosophical developments, the city of Alexandria flourished as a center of knowledge and innovation. Its famous library and museum became a haven for scholars from around the world, fostering intellectual exchange and groundbreaking discoveries. Engineers and inventors, like Hero of Alexandria, crafted fascinating machines and devices that captured the wonder and imagination of their contemporaries. Yet, for all their ingenuity, the ancient Greeks did not fully harness the potential of their inventions. The lack of practical applications for these remarkable creations highlights a critical lesson: innovation without a clear vision and purpose may lead to missed opportunities. In conclusion, the ancient world's fascination with the divine, its pursuit of wisdom, and its remarkable achievements in various fields continue to inspire and intrigue us. As we navigate the complexities of our modern world, we must learn from the lessons of the past. Embracing knowledge, wisdom, and innovation with a clear vision and purpose can pave the way for a more enlightened and fulfilling future. Thank you.

Giorno 21 - 22 - Discorsi sulle filosofie - Ermanno Faccio

Ladies and gentlemen, Today, I stand before you to discuss the ancient philosophical school of Epicureanism and its pursuit of happiness and tranquility. Epicurus, the founder of this school, believed that the ultimate goal of life was to achieve happiness and inner peace. Epicureanism taught that true happiness could be attained by understanding and controlling our desires and passions. It emphasized the distinction between natural and necessary pleasures, such as satisfying our basic needs, and unnecessary and artificial pleasures like wealth and power, which often lead to emotional turbulence. Moreover, Epicurus encouraged his followers to confront the fear of death, as he believed that the fear of non-existence after death was unnecessary and irrational. By coming to terms with the transient nature of life, one could find a sense of contentment and peace within oneself. The philosophy of Epicureanism was considered a medicine for the soul, a remedy to alleviate suffering and make life bearable. It provided a method to approach life rationally and to make wise choices in pursuit of a stable and lasting pleasure. Interestingly, the text also touched upon the concept of inspiration and its connection to breathing and artistic creativity. Epicurus believed that inspiration could lead to a divine enthusiasm, but it was not within human control. Instead, it was an external force that possessed individuals, such as poets, prophets, and lovers, rather than philosophers or great politicians who were required to act with rationality and lucidity. The idea of pneuma, a breath-like vital force, was prominent in ancient medical and philosophical doctrines. It was believed to be present in the air and essential for life. This concept influenced various philosophical schools, including Stoicism and Neoplatonism. In conclusion, Epicureanism offers valuable insights into the pursuit of happiness and a meaningful life. By cultivating a rational approach to desires and passions, confronting our fears, and appreciating the simplicity of life, we can find a sense of tranquility and contentment. Remember, the key lies in distinguishing between fleeting pleasures and those that contribute to long-lasting fulfillment. Thank you for your attention. Let us embrace the wisdom of the ancient philosophers and seek a life of genuine happiness and inner peace. 

Giorno 23 - 25  - Discorsi sulle filosofie - Ermanno Faccio

Ladies and gentlemen, Today, I would like to delve into the philosophical concept of suicide and its relation to Stoicism, focusing on the wisdom of the enlightened Emperor of antiquity, Marcus Aurelius, also known as the "philosopher slave" due to his stoic indifference to his own status. In Stoicism, the study is divided into three main parts: physics, based on the concept of pneuma; logic, which explores the distinction between signs, signifiers, and meanings; and ethics, which prescribes living in harmony with nature and rational principles. The Stoic ethical perspective advocates living in accordance with nature's principles and considering rationality essential for the entire universe. By embracing this optimistic view of reality, Stoics sought tranquility and indifference to the external conditions of life, be they good or bad. Marcus Aurelius, a prime example of a Stoic philosopher-emperor, emphasized the idea of duty and responsibility. He believed that fulfilling one's duty, even in the face of adversity, was crucial for achieving inner peace and contentment. This stoic commitment to virtue guided his actions and decisions throughout his life. In contrast to the political focus of earlier philosophical periods, Hellenistic philosophy shifted its emphasis to personal morality and existential concerns. The decline of the polis, the city-state, led to the primacy of individual moral questions over theoretical and speculative ones. The Stoic philosophy, with its therapeutic function, provided a way for individuals to find tranquility and inner calm in a changing world. Philosophers became healers of the soul, surgeons of opinions, and pharmacists for existential anguish. The shift from open philosophical discourse to institutionalized teaching in schools had both positive and negative effects. While it allowed for structured learning and curriculum, it also resulted in closed and elitist circles that limited intellectual exchange. The decline of the polis also brought about changes in the artistic and cultural landscape. The representation of everyday life and individual types became prevalent in sculpture and other art forms. The discourse on rhetorical figures, such as metaphors, also emerged during this period. Metaphors were considered important for their ability to surprise and engage the audience, violating established communication norms while remaining understandable. In conclusion, Stoicism and its ethical principles, as exemplified by Marcus Aurelius, offer valuable insights into the pursuit of inner peace and resilience in the face of challenges. The philosophical shift in the Hellenistic period paved the way for personal morality and therapeutic philosophy. Moreover, the exploration of rhetorical figures, particularly metaphors, highlights the power of language in conveying complex meanings and engaging the audience. Let us remember the wisdom of the Stoics and the importance of fulfilling our duties and finding tranquility in the midst of life's uncertainties. Thank you for your attention. 

Giorno 26 - 28  - Discorsi sulle filosofie - Ermanno Faccio

Ladies and gentlemen, Today, I would like to discuss the concept of continuity and its various logical aspects, including spatial, temporal, and material continuity. This idea is essential in understanding metonymy and its relation to our everyday experiences. Metonymy, as we all know, is a figure of speech where one aspect or quality is substituted for the whole. For instance, when we say, "earning a living by the sweat of one's brow," the sweat is used as a metonym for hard work. This relationship between sweat and hard work is a metonymic effect, where the cause (hard work) is substituted by the effect (sweat). In Aristotle's rhetoric, he divided the principles of persuasion into five parts, with particular focus on invention. Invention is about finding the most persuasive arguments, and the process of topic selection plays a significant role in this. By understanding commonly accepted viewpoints and stereotypes, we can tailor our message to captivate and engage the audience effectively. Aristotle also emphasized the importance of style and delivery in oratory. A skilled orator uses figures of speech to impress and surprise the audience, making the discourse both informative and captivating. Techniques such as gestures and non-verbal communication also play a crucial role in the delivery of a powerful speech. Furthermore, Aristotle explored the notion of substance in his metaphysics. Substance is what defines the essence of a thing, and it is stable and enduring. He distinguished between primary qualities, such as humanity, which underlie all individuals of a certain kind, and secondary qualities, which are less relevant to the essence. Aristotle's thought is characterized by both horizontal and regimental thinking. While he believed in multiple substances that form the universe, he rejected the idea of infinite divisibility of space and time. This view aligns with his theory that everything has a specific purpose or telos, and the universe is finite with defined boundaries. In conclusion, Aristotle's philosophy offers valuable insights into the nature of reality and how we perceive and communicate it. Understanding the logical and metaphysical aspects of continuity, metonymy, and substance can enrich our understanding of language, rhetoric, and the fundamental principles of existence. Thank you for your attention. 

Giorno 29 - 31 - Discorsi sulle filosofie - Ermanno Faccio

 Ladies and gentlemen, esteemed professors, and fellow students, Today, I stand before you to discuss the intriguing topic of love and its connection to philosophy, as expressed in the works of Plato. Love is a fascinating aspect of human existence, and Plato delved deeply into its nature, presenting his ideas in various dialogues, particularly in the Symposium and the Phaedrus. Plato starts by challenging the conventional views on love. He suggests that it is not necessarily true that one should prefer the non-lover over the lover on the pretext that the lover is deluded while the non-lover is sane and wise. Plato argues that some of the greatest insights and prophecies have come from individuals in a state of divine madness, like the prophetess of Delphi, who, in her ecstatic state, brought great benefits to both individuals and communities in Greece. In the Symposium, Plato introduces the concept of the "Ladder of Love" or the "Erotic Ladder." It illustrates the different stages of love's development, starting from the lowest form of biological attraction to the highest form of love for wisdom or philosophy. The progression begins with a physical attraction to multiple bodies, then evolves to a love for one individual based on their physical beauty, and ultimately leads to a love for the individual's spiritual qualities, courage, and virtues, culminating in the pursuit of wisdom itself. Plato's philosophy emphasizes the importance of self-knowledge and the quest for truth. He encourages us to recognize the limitations of our knowledge and embrace a stance of "knowing that we do not know." This concept aligns with Socrates' famous saying, "I know that I know nothing." This acknowledgment of our ignorance opens the door to genuine philosophical inquiry and personal growth. Moreover, Plato's epistemology supports the idea of innate knowledge, known as anamnesis. He believed that learning is not about acquiring new information from the external world but rather a process of recollection, remembering what our souls already know but have forgotten. This theory connects to the idea that the soul is immortal and pre-exists before birth. Plato's philosophy also touches upon the topic of skepticism, which was prevalent among the sophists of his time. While the sophists denied the existence of objective truth and believed that knowledge was subjective and relative to each individual, Plato offered a counterargument. He asserted that there are eternal truths and forms that exist independently of our subjective experiences. Through dialectic and reasoning, we can approach a deeper understanding of these eternal truths. In conclusion, Plato's insights into love, knowledge, and philosophy present a thought-provoking perspective on the human experience. Love, for him, is not just an emotion but a pathway to higher wisdom and self-realization. Philosophy, in turn, is not only about acquiring knowledge but also about recognizing the limits of our knowledge and pursuing truth and wisdom. As we continue our academic journey, let us remember the valuable lessons offered by Plato and approach our studies with an open mind, a thirst for knowledge, and a passion for wisdom. Thank you for your attention. 

Giorno 32- 37  - Discorsi sulle filosofie - Ermanno Faccio - discorso finale 

Ladies and gentlemen, Today, I want to talk about the interconnected concepts of Copernican and Keplerian astronomy, the original harmonies, numerology, and the pre-Socratic philosophers. These ancient ideas laid the foundation for our understanding of the world and continue to influence us to this day. The Copernican and Keplerian models revolutionized our view of the universe, showing that the Earth was not the center but orbited around the Sun, challenging the prevailing geocentric belief. This shift in perspective brought about a new era of scientific inquiry and helped us comprehend the vastness of our cosmos. The notion of original harmonies takes us to the world of music, where the ancient Greeks believed that celestial bodies produced celestial sounds, creating a harmonious symphony. This idea links music to mathematics and the harmony of the spheres. Numerology, as explored by the pre-Socratic philosophers, sought to find patterns and relationships in numbers, revealing the underlying structure of the universe. Pitagoras, in particular, contributed significantly to this field with his Pythagorean theorem, which introduced us to irrational numbers like the square root of two. Geometric calculations, such as determining the value of an irrational number like the square root of two, showcase the ingenuity of ancient mathematicians. The Pythagoreans faced the challenge of dealing with incommensurable quantities, leading to the discovery of irrational numbers that could not be expressed as fractions. The Pythagorean secret of incommensurability, revealed by Hippasus of Metapontum, brought about the first historical conflict between science and religion. The Pythagoreans believed that everything could be quantified and expressed mathematically, but the discovery of irrational numbers challenged this notion. The emergence of the incommensurable highlighted the limits of mathematical formalism and paved the way for new philosophical debates. It also exemplified the clash between dogmatism and empirical evidence in the pursuit of knowledge. In this quest for understanding, the Greeks explored the concept of agonism in various domains, including sports, competitiveness, and conflicts of thought. The Greek city-states, or polis, provided fertile ground for the development of philosophical thought, alongside the birth of democracy. Presocratic thinkers in the school of Miletus proposed the existence of an original principle, an element from which all matter and the world originated. Their cosmological ideas challenged traditional religious beliefs and emphasized the search for rational explanations. The Greeks' fascination with proportion and balance led to the development of the Canon of Polykleitos, a set of tools used by artists to proportion the human body. This artistic endeavor highlights the importance of aesthetics in Greek culture and their strive for harmony in various aspects of life. In the pursuit of knowledge, the Greeks faced enigmas and paradoxes, such as the liar paradox and the dilemma. These mental puzzles revealed the intricacies of human reasoning and its limitations, prompting reflection on the nature of truth and logic. The Greeks' spiritual beliefs involved mysteries and orphic rites, seeking answers to questions of life, death, and reincarnation. The Dionysian festivals and the ecstatic practices of shamans revealed a connection between the spiritual and natural worlds, influencing their cultural expressions. The worship of the mother goddess, embodied in figures like Isis, left a lasting imprint on Western culture, even in the veneration of the Virgin Mary. This connection highlights the enduring influence of ancient beliefs on our modern psyche. In conclusion, the rich tapestry of ideas explored by the ancient Greeks, from astronomy and numerology to philosophy and spirituality, continues to captivate and inspire us. These historical threads have shaped our understanding of the world and laid the groundwork for scientific inquiry and philosophical contemplation that persists in the present day. 

Thank you. 

Ermanno Faccio